One large factor contributing to the popularity of indoor gardening is the fact that the grower can have nearly complete control over the environment. All the unpredictability that is inherent with growing outdoors and dealing with Mother Nature can be set aside. Indoor gardeners need not worry about the risks of prolonged drought or flooding. They can rest easy knowing that their crops are safe from the threat of damaging winds and harmful pest infestations. And one will never hear an indoor gardener say, “I’m prayin’ for rain”.
However, with complete control also comes complete responsibility. Indoor gardeners must create, from within their means, an environment that is ideal for the specific plant being grown. With care and diligence and maybe some research as well, the grower needs to create the appropriate atmosphere for their plants by choosing the correct amount and style of lighting used, controlling the levels of humidity and airflow, keeping a close eye on the temperature in the growing area and by supplying water and elemental nutrients properly. As indoor gardeners, we essentially adopt the role of Mother Nature; we are the setting and the rising sun. We are the clouds that bring the much-needed rain, and we control the winds that cool and supply the heat that encourages strong growth. And at times, we must even be the bee that spreads the pollen from flower to flower.
Large scale indoor growers of flowering crops may deal with several acres of plants at any given time. In these operations it would be hard for the workers to hand pollinate each flower. It would simply take too many people or too much time. So, what many commercial indoor growers do is buy or rent pollinators (usually honey or bumble bees) and let them loose in the growing area for a given amount of time. But for the hobby grower, who is growing on a much smaller scale, perhaps a few plants instead of a few acres, I would recommend hand pollinating the plants that are not self-pollinating to assure the best quality fruit production possible. The following is a guide to understanding the anatomy of and how to pollinate the flowers of two popular indoor grown vegetables: cucumbers and strawberries.
Cucumbers
The modern Cucumber plant (Cucumis sativus) is usually monoecious, meaning both the male flowers and female flowers can be found separately on the same plant. The male flowers grow in small clusters and can be identified by their smooth, slender stems. Usually containing three stamens (pollen producers), male flowers open about a week before the female flowers and outnumber their female counterparts on average 10 to 1. Female flowers, on the other hand, grow singularly and have a large base or stem that resembles a baby cucumber. This is the ovary, and it is the part of the female flower anatomy that will become the fruit that houses the seeds. Inside the female flower is where we find the pistil, which is made up of the stigma (pollen receivers) and the style, a tube-like structure that leads to the ovary. For the female flower to be successfully pollinated, pollen must be transferred from the stamens of the male flower to the stigma of the female flower. To do this properly one will need a tool. I’ve found that a small paint or make-up brush with soft bristles works well but some growers use electric toothbrushes, also with soft bristles, to move the pollen.
To pollinate the cucumber flower, start first at a male flower. Take the tool of your choice and gently brush the tip of the stamen which is called the anther. This is the pollen bearing part of the flower that bees bump and vibrate, shaking the pollen onto their bodies. Brush the anthers a few times, you may be able to see the yellow pollen collecting if you use a white bristled brush and then move to a female flower next. Take the part of the brush that contains the pollen and rub it gently upon the very center of the female flower. This is where the stigma resides, and this is where the pollen is initially received. As you pollinate the flowers, be sure to go from male to female and back to male again before going to another female. A successfully pollinated female flower will grow into a cucumber and if it is not pollinated properly the fruit will not form and instead will slowly wither and die off.
Strawberries
The common garden strawberry plant (Fragaria ananassa) is self-pollinating but only to a certain extent. The flowers of most strawberry plants are referred to as androgynous or hermaphroditic meaning the flower contains both the male and female reproductive parts. However, unlike the tomato flower where both organs of reproduction are enclosed together in proximity, the male and female parts on the strawberry flower are fractions of an inch apart. Outdoors this fraction of an inch is handled and taken care of by pollinating insects and the wind. But indoors, this fraction of an inch can become more like a mile. The female part (pistil) of the strawberry flower is in the direct center of the flower. It is yellow and circular, about the size of a pencil eraser and will become the fruit of the plant. This part of the flower can be identified by the many small stigma (pollen receptors) covering it. The male part (stamen) of the flower encircles the female and has anthers (pollen producers) that stand above the stigma.
When hand pollinating, the goal is to move the pollen from the anthers to the stigma, gently spreading it as evenly as possible over the whole surface of said stigma. Do this using a soft brush or the tool of your choice. If the pollen is spread evenly over the stigma, the result will be a fruit that is more uniformly shaped. An improperly pollinated strawberry flower will produce misshapen fruits that may still have great flavor but are less appealing to the eye and usually much smaller than those from successful pollination. This may be an important factor if the grower plans to give away or sell any of the harvest.
Special Note
When hand pollinating it is best to do so when the flower is completely open for this is when pollen production will be at the highest levels. This is when the stigma of the female flower is most receptive. I prefer using a small soft-bristled paint brush over something like a Q-tip. The brush seems to pick up and distribute the pollen quite well. I have never used an electric toothbrush or device like one, but I imagine, if used with care, they would work just fine.
Kyle Ladenburger is an avid indoor and outdoor gardener.
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